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登革热
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Scott B Halstead  2009/5/5 14:27:00 
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柳叶刀中文版, 2008, Volume 2, Issue 3   
 

登革病毒4 个血清型在全球热带地区广泛流行,均可引起自限性疾病或严重疾病。登革出血热和登革热休克综合征(DHF/DSS)等严重病症以血管通透性突然增加为主要特征,这主要是由T细胞攻击感染登革病毒的细胞后释放的细胞因子所致。在夏威夷,白纹伊蚊传播的登革1型病毒广泛流行,并导致典型的处女地流行,临床发病多见于成人。在古巴和新加坡,间隔期较长的二次登革热感染通常导致成人出现严重病症。有证据表明,增强型抗体和可交叉反应性中和抗体可以调控疾病的流行形式和严重程度。自母体获得低水平登革热抗体的胎儿初次感染登革热即可出现典型的DHF/DSS,这说明二次T细胞反应并非唯一发病机制。本文讨论了登革热的临床诊断资料、血管通透性和凝血功能紊乱的病理生理学表现、胃肠外治疗DHF/DSS以及新的实验室诊断方法。

登革病毒感染严重威胁着热带和亚热带地区约25亿人的健康,尤其是城市人口。每年约有0.5亿~1亿人感染登革病毒,在某些年份超过50万感染者需要住院治疗[1]。对登革病毒森林株的遗传学研究表明,4个血清型的登革病毒均进化自一个共同的祖先——低等灵长类动物中的病毒种群,大约500年前,这些病毒分别独立地进入人类城市传播循环[2]
 
任何一个血清型登革病毒感染人类后,均可导致两类确切的综合征——登革热和登革出血热/登革休克综合征(DHF/DSS),或介于两者之间,或根本不表现出临床症状。DHF/DSS以迅速发生的毛细血管渗漏为主要特征,同时伴有血小板减少、凝血异常和肝损伤(天冬氨酸转氨酶和丙氨酸转氨酶升高)[3]。登革综合征在严重程度上具有连续性:如登革热患者血管通透性不会明显增高,通常伴有血小板减少,肝酶升高和阈下血管通透性[4-6]。使用出血热而不是更加描述性的词语登革热血管病变往往使临床医师和患者认为出血是死亡的最大威胁。早期体液损失,进入组织间隙,若得不到及时补充可导致休克,长时间体液流失可导致消化道出血等并发症。登革热休克可非常轻微,在某些完全清醒的患者中出现,伴有外周血管阻力增加和舒张压升高。登革热有时可伴有严重的出血,通常发生于成人[7]。这些细微差别和并发症给临床医师诊断登革热增加了难度,尤其是根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的定义进行鉴别诊断时[8-12]。超声波检查有助于避免这些问题。胆囊壁增厚可作为儿童登革热患者血管通透性的临床先兆[13]。而且,腹部和胸腔超声检查可准确地检测浆膜腔积液[14]。这种价廉的诊断方法结合细致的血管损伤体征检查可大大提高DHF/DSS诊断的可靠性[15]
 
有关登革热研究的论文呈指数级增长,并已有多篇专门的综述发表[16-18]。本专题主要讨论登革热传染和发病方面对临床医师较为重要的几个话题,包括流行病学、发病机制、病理生理学、治疗和诊断等。
 
流行病学
 
登革病毒的流行范围仍在不断扩大,2001—2002年登革1型病毒(DENV-1)传入夏威夷(图1)。这是二战结束后夏威夷首次暴发登革热[19]。在大约1年时间内,血清学报告有122例登革热传播至茂伊岛、奥阿胡岛和考艾岛,患者以成年人和青少年为主[20]。流行特征是传播媒介为白纹伊蚊。一般而言,埃及伊蚊(图2)传播的疫情流行迅速,而白纹伊蚊传播的疫情暴发缓慢[21]。感染者一般住在相对独立的庭院,周围茂盛的植物为白纹伊蚊提供了良好的繁殖栖息地[19]。此次流行最早由大西地岛观光客携带的2株登革1型病毒突变株引起,随后在当地儿童中暴发了严重的DHF/DSS[2022]。在过去的几十年里,4个血清型登革病毒先后被引入大西地岛,这是二次感染登革热的前提条件[23]。夏威夷地区登革热暴发很好地解释了教科书中描述的登革病毒引入处女地的情形——典型登革热病例在成人中出现。
 
点击看大图
 
古巴和新加坡的登革热暴发也主要涉及成人,这些暴发表明了登革热独特的免疫生物学特征。DENV-11977年传入古巴后,遭遇了大量易感人群。血清学调查结果显示,超过44%的人群被感染[24]。但所有患者均只出现轻微症状,最严重的也仅为登革热。然而,4年后亚洲基因型登革2型病毒(DENV-2)登陆古巴,导致数以万计的典型登革热病例,同时约有1万例DHF/DSS病例[21]55岁以上人群1997DENV-11981DENV-2的感染率基本持平[25]1981年流行期间,儿童和成人均出现严重及死亡病例,其中尤以儿童最为严重[26]。经­过较长一段时间成功的蚊媒控制后,登革热传播几乎被完全清除,直到1997年,亚洲基因型DENV-2再次进入古巴圣地亚哥市。在此次流行中,DHF/DSS病例只在成人中出现,尤其是1977年感染过DENV-1的成人患者[27]3年后,登革3型病毒(DENV-3)进入古巴哈瓦那市后也出现了类似情形[28]
 
2006年新加坡登革热流行情况与古巴登革热流行特征惊人地相似[29]。古巴和新加坡通过长期有效的蚊媒控制使登革热的传播率明显降低[2730]。二战结束后不久,几株登革病毒在新加坡当地流行,导致儿童出现DHF/DSS,而成人只偶尔出现轻微的登革热[31-32]1973年,一项全面深入的埃及伊蚊控制计划开始实施[33]。儿童DHF/DSS病例逐渐下降并最终消失。血清学调查显示,蚊媒控制计划实施以后出生的儿童对登革热几乎没有免疫力[34]。这些儿童目前已进入青少年阶段。尽管蚊媒控制计划非常成功,但仍有少数蚊媒存在[30]。这些蚊虫能够将登革病毒在感染的游客和新加坡当地儿童及成人之间进行传播。由于多数新加坡人为首次感染登革热,如预期的一样,确诊的登革热病例明显增加,其中主要是成人。可是,由于1973年以前登革病毒在新加坡高度流行,许多成人当时已经­感染过登革病毒,因此获得了对1种或多种登革病毒的免疫力。与古巴的情形类似,这些对登革病毒具有部分免疫力的成人,再次感染登革病毒后可出现登革热和DHF/DSS[35]。在古巴,DENV-1DENV-2相隔20年后暴发,导致的疾病流行非常严重,成人中登革热与DHF/DSS的比例是24∶1[27]。从公开发表的数据看,这个比例与新加坡非常接近。
 
在古巴,间隔20年感染DENV-2的群体发病率与病死率远高于间隔4年感染同一血清型病毒的群体[27]。如前所述,长间隔二次感染登革热可解释新加坡成人中的严重病例现象[35-36]。古巴的研究人员试图解释为何二次感染DENV-2的严重程度随着初次和二次感染间隔时间的延长而增加。古巴1981年和1997年流行的登革热与美洲其他地区流行的DHF/DSS其病毒属同一基因型[37-38]。通过分析保存的血清样本,研究人员发现,人群对DENV-2的交叉反应性中和抗体水平随DENV-1感染时间的增加而逐渐降低[39]。泰国和秘鲁的相关研究也表明,发病前采集的血清样本中异型DENV-2中和抗体水平与轻微的二次DENV-2感染有关[40-41]
 
点击看大图
 
4个血清型登革病毒在同一地区长时间的共循­环可导致复合抗体介导效应的出现,如交叉保护和感染增强,数学模拟人员对此很感兴趣。目前一致认为,感染增强作用决定了登革热不同规模暴发的模式[42]。曼谷的研究人员通过种系发生、分支替换和数学模拟分析曼谷流行株后认为,DENV-1和登革4型病毒(DENV-4 810年的流行振荡可能有助于稳定这两种病毒的交叉免疫水平[43]。另一组研究人员通过结合生态和免疫机制的理论方法推断,曼谷登革热流行模式并不依赖于病毒毒力的不均一性或抗体依赖性增强作用,而与短期内交叉免疫水平有关[44]
 
对于严重登革疾病出现的原­因常归咎于病毒毒力,毒力较弱的病毒株仅与登革热有关。一般而言,毒力是指所有感染个体中出现严重后果的比例。该比例越接近1,则表示毒力越强。例如,狂犬病毒是典型的强毒株,感染后几乎均会导致死亡。美洲基因型DENV-2——未从DHF病例中分离获得——被认为是低毒株,经­实验室研究证实,该病毒基因组3'非翻­译区二级结构的改变导致其在细胞培养和蚊体内的增殖能力降低,而亚洲基因型DENV-2DHF/DSS的暴发密切相关[45-46],更易在蚊媒中传播,一般被认为是强毒株。因此可以预见,自然界中的美洲基因型DENV-2在蚊媒中的传播效率很低,即使人类感染也仅导致较轻微的登革疾病[46]。然而事实并非如此。1995年,秘鲁亚马逊地区的伊基托斯发生美洲基因型DENV-2大流行[47]。该病毒很可能是沿亚马逊河传至秘鲁,毫无疑问,这一过程伴随着人群的隐性感染;同时也说明地理散布和不同遗传种群的埃及伊蚊能够通过叮咬建立有效的人人传播。有研究人员对曼谷30年间收集的4个血清型61株病毒进行了研究,结果同样未能证实病毒基因组3'非翻­译区的变化与疾病严重程度相关[48]。研究发现,美洲基因型DENV-2具有一个罕见的抗原表位,使其能够被DENV-1抗体所交叉中和,这解释了为何对DENV-1具有免疫力的人未出现严重病症[41]。异型抗体对疾病严重程度的调控与前面引用的证据相吻合,即登革病毒的Ñ­环能够被异型抗体存在与否所调控。
 
发病机制
 
20多年来,人们一直试图从T细胞免疫反应的角度来解释血管通透性和出血突然发作的机制。研究几乎完全集中于二次登革感染,因此,忽略了另一类重要的免疫人群——初次登革感染导致的儿童DHF患者[49]。在二次登革感染过程中,发热后12d患者体内可出现高水平的IFN-α[50]。在发热期结束和血管通透初期,可出现高浓度的可溶性IL-2受体、CD4CD8IL-2IFN-γ[51]。可溶性TNF受体、CD8IL-2受体,IL-10TNF-α以及巨噬细胞游走抑制因子的水平均与疾病严重程度相关[52-53]。不断有报道DHF病例中可溶性TNF受体75[54]TNF-α浓度升高[55-58]。在DHF/DSS病例中,可检测到高浓度的CCL2,该蛋白可降低血管内皮细胞的紧密连接[59]。感染登革病毒的细胞体外刺激单核细胞等抗原易感性人T淋巴细胞可诱导上述细胞因子的大量表达[59-61]。登革病毒与抗原易感性T淋巴细胞相互作用的显性表位主要位于NS3非结构蛋白[62]。在早期的综述中,RothmanEnnis认为在二次登革感染过程中,由于提呈登革病毒抗原的细胞数量增加,激活的T淋巴细胞数量将出现显著而迅速的增高[63]
 
因此,很多观点将严重登革疾病归因于T细胞免疫病理损伤。登革病毒感染可对异型登革抗原序列产生T细胞反应,假定导致所谓的病理学结果[1764]。多肽的变异或多肽配体的改变可在抗原特异性T淋巴细胞中诱导不同的激活信号,因此能够调控CD4+CD8+ 细胞的特异效应子作用[64-67]
 
被称为抗原原罪的类似情形在T细胞反应也有报道。在二次DENV感染过程中,体内存在的低亲和力记忆T细胞对新血清型DENV的亲和力要比原始T细胞高[68]CD8+ T细胞对提呈当前感染病毒表位的MHC四聚体结合力较弱,但似乎对提呈早期其他感染病毒表位的MHC四聚体结合力强。这些T细胞多呈现出细胞凋亡表型,很可能在完全控制感染以前就注定死亡。因此,在二次DENV感染反应过程中起主导作用的低亲和力T细胞并不能完全清除DENV感染细胞[69]
 
然而这些假说不符合生物学实际,婴儿DHF并不涉及异型T细胞反应。婴儿初次登革免疫反应(增强的初次登革感染)可出现严重的血管通透性临床症状,血液中产生高浓度的细胞因子,儿童增强二次感染也是如此[70-74]。目前已知胎儿自母体获得的唯一免疫物质主要是IgG1亚群抗体[75]。事实上东南亚婴儿6个月以前感染登革病毒一般不出现临床症状,与此相一致的是,研究发现这些婴儿母亲血清样本中具有广泛的反应性中和抗体,被动输入的登革抗体能够保护婴儿免受攻击[76-77]。增强抗体导致感染细胞群的增加可以将婴儿和儿童DHF联系在一起;T细胞和细胞因子反应与抗原­刺激成比例。有证据表明,抗体依赖性增强是由特异Fc受体信号所致。鼠巨噬细胞感染罗斯河病毒后可激活干扰素转录因子、STAT1NF-κB复合物;而当病毒和增强型抗体同时存在时反而抑制该复合物[78]。同样,与仅感染病毒相比,DENV-2抗体依赖性增强感染人巨噬细胞后,能够抑制STAT1磷酸化,降低一氧化氮的产生,增加IL-10和病毒颗粒的产生[79]。与这些体外数据相吻合,DHF患者血液中一氧化氮浓度下降,而IL-10浓度上升。在另一项研究中发现,6名越南DSS患者外周血单核细胞中I型干扰素基因转录水平远低于8名非休克DHF患者[80]
 
登革感染细胞群的大小与疾病严重程度的相关性已被多次证实,如疾病早期血液样本中可检测到高滴度病毒,或持续高浓度的登革病毒RNA和登革非结构蛋白1NS1[81-85]。由于在慢性HIV感染中,随机血清样本能够用于定量病毒载量,因此有些研究人员认为,该策略可能也适用于登革病毒[86]。在急性自限性病毒感染过程中,病毒血症高峰期可恰当地定量细胞感染,但这一过程非常短暂,且发生在感染早期[81]。登革病毒NS1蛋白的产生也可反映细胞登革感染水平[83]
 
也有研究人员认为,登革疾病严重程度与免疫激活标记物(如IL-6IL-8TNF-αINF-n1INF-γ、可溶性TNF-α受体、补体成分3a5a)以及血小板改变、树突细胞、单核细胞和T细胞功能有关,对登革病毒成分的免疫反应影响自身免疫过程,进而导致DHF/DSSDENV NS1蛋白抗体能与人血小板和内皮细胞发生交叉反应[87]。与登革热患者相比,DHF患者血清样本与血小板的亲和力较高,血小板自身抗体为IgM,而非IgG[88]。根据自身免疫假说,内皮功能异常是由于宿主蛋白质抗-DENV NS1与内皮细胞的交叉反应所致[89-90]。抗-DENV NS1与内皮细胞结合后,诱导一氧化氮介导的细胞凋亡[91-92]。而且,这些抗体能够诱导炎症内皮细胞激活IL-6IL-8CCL2的表达[93]NS1可以通过替代通路激活补体系统[94],这一机制能够解释初次感染导致婴儿DHF中出现的补体激活现象[95]
 
然而,NS1自身免疫假说与抗体动力学理论相矛盾。NS1抗体可长期存在,而血管通透性和凝血异常一般很短暂。而且,尽管初次和二次登革感染中抗体产生动力学截然不同,婴儿和儿童DHF的病理生理学发展特征却未观察到相应的差异。
 
登革病毒感染内皮细胞导致血管通透性的可能性应该予以重视。毫无疑问的是,登革病毒能够在体外感染内皮细胞[96-100]。但这种实验方法似乎没有多大价值,因为详细的体内研究并未获得登革病毒感染内皮细胞的证据[101]。另一方面,未感染的内皮细胞单层经­不同来源的细胞因子处理后通透性增加,这些细胞因子包括来源于抗体介导的登革病毒感染的单核细胞[102-103]、登革病毒感染的单核细胞、巨噬细胞及树突细胞产生的细胞毒性因子[104-107],或者INFTNF刺激外周血单核细胞后产生的内源性IL-1β[108-109]
 
病理生理学与治疗
 
目前关于典型微血管超滤作用的观点认为,内在通透性主要受内皮表面的糖被及内皮细胞本身调控[110]。该富含阴离子的蛋白多糖基质位于所有血管内皮层的腔表面,并锚定在内皮细胞的质膜上。传统的组织病理学技术很难检测到糖被的存在。其能够形成电荷屏障,排斥带负电荷的血浆蛋白接触内皮细胞表面,从而有效地避免细胞转运。儿童DSS的初步证据表明,分子量和电荷特征决定了哪些分子容易在循­环中丢失,并且在登革病毒感染过程中,内皮糖被层可能会出现短暂的功能失调[111]。内皮细胞本身可移动进入循­[112]。糖被层是如何被破坏的呢?可能的解释是登革病毒,或其某一非结构蛋白,或免疫反应中的某一成分,直接与糖被层相互作用,从而暂时改变纤维基质的生化特征。登革病毒吸附的重要成分——硫酸乙酰肝素,可能在该过程中发挥了一定作用[113]。在几项研究中,研究人员详细检查了登革感染患者的内皮组织结构,结果除了明显的通透性紊乱,在细胞水平未发现异常,有理由认为病理过程发生在其他部位[101114]。随着检测表面糖被层新技术的问世,这一领域将愈发有趣[110]
 
血小板减少在登革患者中十分常见,对此存在多种解释。早期骨髓抑制加上增强的外周血小板破坏可导致登革疾病的发热期和恢复期早期血小板严重减少,某些病例中血小板可下降至5000/μl[115-116]。然而,在恢复期随着高细胞性骨髓产量的增加,血小板数目迅速上升。在没有出血的情况下(如出血则必须考虑输血治疗),没有证据表明预防性输入血小板有助于恢复病情,而且由此带来的急性和长期并发症的风险十分明确[117]
 
随着DSS病情恶化,血压会发生重要的变化,包括外周血管阻力增加、心输出量减少及中央静脉压正常或降低[118]。休克不是由于充血性心力衰竭,而是由于静脉淤积。随着心血管危害增加,舒张压可上升至收缩压范围内,脉压减小。最后,发生失代偿,舒张压和收缩压突然消失。严重登革疾病的成功治疗取决于血管渗漏增强期胃肠外体液和胶质的精确调控及积极治疗大出血[3]。临床医师应牢记,所有输入的液体将会被重吸收,有可能出现体液过载。在做出明确合理的决定前,必须慎重考虑所有介入治疗的风险。系统的临床研究可以提供有用的信息,从而有助于指导临床实践,设计专门的干预措施对抗或阻止血浆渗漏和(或)出血[111119-122]。一项包括383例越南DSS儿童的双盲随机对照试验结果表明,乳酸林格液足以使中等严重疾病的婴儿恢复[122]。但是,在大多数病例中给予右旋糖酐706%羟乙基淀粉可稳定血管容量和血压,从而避免发展为严重休克。但是,考虑到右旋糖酐的不良反应,6%羟乙基淀粉可能更适于儿童患者。尽管右旋糖酐1可作为半抗原­抑制剂,在给予右旋糖酐4070前立即使用可阻止右旋糖酐4070形成有毒的免疫复合物[123]
 
登革感染导致的凝血紊乱已被详细描述,但其具体机制目前仍不清楚。儿童很少发生严重出血(几乎总与深度休克同时发生),血栓性并发症也未见报道。活化部分凝血活酶时间的增加和纤维蛋白原­浓度的降低几乎总是同时发生,加上血小板减少,这些异常均与疾病严重程度有关[124-125]。但是大多数患者典型弥散性血管内凝血的证据并不令人信服[125-126]。促凝血标记物浓度通常略有升高,抗凝蛋白的数量明显下降,但是,就溶解纤维蛋白通路而言,这些结果自相矛盾。一般情况下,临床资料显示溶解纤维蛋白活性增强,这提示病毒可能和溶解纤维蛋白通路的关键蛋白——纤溶酶原­——发生了直接相互作用。几个研究小组已经­发现,登革病毒感染过程中和感染后,有纤溶酶原­交叉反应抗体存在。糖被释放的硫酸乙酰肝素或硫酸软骨素(分子结构与肝素类似,可作为抗凝血剂)可能对该过程也有影响[111]。在大多数登革热患者中,凝血紊乱比较轻微,病毒清除后几天即可完全消失。但是,在某些儿童中,尤其是严重休克儿童中,轻微的凝血紊乱往往伴有长期低血压、组织缺氧及消化道大出血等并发症。这些病例可发展为真正的弥散性血管内凝血。迄今对成人登革患者的凝血紊乱所知甚少,与儿童相比,成人中出血症状似乎更为显著,有时不伴休克。事实证明成人登革疾病的系统调查十分必要。
 
 
登革的诊断可以分为两个阶段:第一阶段,发热和病毒血症期,血液中可检测到NS1抗原­;第二阶段,发热期过后几周,体内产生大量的IgGIgM抗体。初次登革感染时,病毒血症一般与发热同步(图3)。二次登革感染时,病毒血症期可持续23d,血液中NS1抗原­存在的时间可以更长。临床医师应充分了解诊断登革感染两个阶段的重要性。通常,病毒血症结束前或退热前无法检测新形成的抗体(IgM)。登革疾病的临床表现各异。对登革热患者而言,由于突然发热和身体不适,一般会在发热头2d去医院就诊。在本阶段,诊断方法只能够检测病毒、RNA或血液中的病毒蛋白。血清学诊断方法只有在退热期才会出现阳性(图3)。如果预约了血清学检测,患者必须在退热后返回医院采第二次血样。对于DHF/DSS患者,血管通透性一般在退热期方可识别,此时IgM捕获血清试验结果为阳性,而病毒颗粒、RNA或蛋白检测结果为阴性。大多数国家的商业化血清学检测未经­严格的质量控制。最近一项研究证实,某商业化IgM捕获ELISA试剂盒具有较高的假阳性率[127]。快速免疫层析法检测病毒抗原似乎更具优势。另外,一些商品化试剂盒敏感性很低[128]
 
点击看大图 
 
临床医师和患者均希望能够在发热期进行诊断,因此目前正在不断尝试和优化PCR方法。一个研究小组利用属特异和血清型特异的套式NS3引物,患者感染病毒检测准确率可达80%;几乎所有的阳性血清样本均采自发热开始5d以内[129]。另外,利用一步法TaqMan实时RT-PCR能够快速地检测4个血清型登革病毒RNA[130]
 
目前,非常需要一种快速、敏感、特异而又廉价的方法能够在发热期诊断登革感染。英国BioRad公司推出了一种ELISA(Hemel Hempstead, UK),利用登革特异的NS1单克隆抗体检测血液中的登革NS1抗原­。该方法检测PCR阳性血清样本的准确率为85[131]。该方法与检测NS1抗体的NS1抗原­捕获法结合可显著提高其敏感性。对感染DENV-1患者血液中NS1抗原的动力学(发热后610d滴度达到高峰)已进行了研究[132]。将人工合成的NS1受体植入可重复使用的芯片能实时捕获并鉴定NS1蛋白,这使得登革病毒感染的床旁诊断成为可能[133]。采用基于NS1ELISA检测方法代替病毒抗原­检测,可以诊断初次登革感染的特异病因,并准确判断初次和二次登革感染[134]。最后,应当注意到直接将血液样本吸附于滤纸用于酶联免疫诊断的风险。因为吸附过程中可损失大量的IgM登革抗体,从而大大降低了这项检测技术的准确性和敏感性[135]。然而,IgG抗体并不吸附于滤纸,因而可以用于的登革抗体的血清流行病学调查,或者检测二次登革感染过程中的IgG反应。
 
Lancet 2007; 370: 1644–52
(秦成峰 译)
 
Supportive Research and Development, Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative, Internal Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea (S B Halstead MD)
 
Correspondence to: Dr Scott B Halstead, 5824 Edson Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA (e-mail:halsteads@erols.com)
 
 

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 病例分析

上海复旦大学附属中山医院消化科  刘黎黎  高虹

 

患者,男性,19岁,因上腹痛20余天20051215日入院。患者22天前开始出现中上腹持续剧烈疼痛,伴大便次数增多,34/天,不成形,黑色,后出现呕吐,呕吐物为黄绿色胆汁样物质,有时低热,诊断性腹穿抽出少量淡血性液体,外院腹部平片示:小肠梗阻。查血见白细胞18.0×109/LN 88.4%,尿蛋白(),于12天前行剖腹探查术,术中见腹腔内有淡血性液体200 ml,见小肠节段性病变,未见肠坏死及穿孔,行腹腔冲洗引流术,术后予地塞米松、制酸、生长抑素、营养补液、抗感染治疗后,未见好转而转入我院。

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